Abstract: Access to healthcare remains uneven, particularly in rural areas where fixed service infrastructure is contracting and mobility barriers restrict availability. Traditional accessibility evaluations rely on static representations of fixed facilities, failing to capture dynamic service delivery such as mobile clinics. Drawing on citation analysis spanning transport planning, operations research, and infrastructure, we develop a three-tier taxonomy of mobile operations classified by vehicle platform, coordination mechanism, and governance model. Additionally, we construct a conceptual framework that synthesizes five core planning pillars—location selection, routing, scheduling, staffing, and service scope—with strategic accessibility objectives. We then propose a bi-level optimization framework that optimizes location and routing for mobile clinic deployment. Strategically, healthcare authorities prioritize communities to maximize regional accessibility gains. Operationally, providers select depots and design routes/schedules to minimize costs subject to capacity and time constraints. The framework is demonstrated through a case study of Florida’s Rural Areas of Opportunity.